Articles On Essay Writing Services

Articles On Essay Writing Services In other words, indicate what has been discovered or achieved. The conclusion can also be a great place to mention questions which are left open or additional issues which you recognise, but which do not come within the scope of your essay. At the end of an essay you should embody a brief conclusion, the aim of which is to sum up or draw a conclusion out of your argument or comparability of viewpoints. Sometimes it is helpful to read your essay out loud. Where appropriate use easy and logical language and write in full or full sentences. You ought to keep away from jargon, particularly jargon that isn't immediately linked to your topic space. Your tutor may have encountered such problems many instances, and it is part of his/her job that can assist you kind them out. If, despite study and good intentions, you cannot seem to get your essay written, or even started, you need to let your tutor know as quickly as attainable. The major reason is normally that such college students set themselves too excessive a standard and then panic as a result of they cannot attain it. This may also be because of factors such as the concern of the expectations of others or placing too high an expectation on themselves. In short, you are your first reader, edit and criticise your personal work to make it better. We guarantee that every paper is plagiarism-free and customized-written primarily based in your distinctive requirements and wishes. There’s never a mistaken time to ask in your a reimbursement. You can request a full refund till you downloaded the accomplished order. An essay should be written in a flowing manner with every sentence following on logically from the earlier one and with appropriate signposts to information the reader. We'll by no means share your e mail address and you'll unsubscribe at any time. Finished my paper very early and the skilled met all the requirements. It is very useful help when u have tons of workload. Our writing company has three major aggressive advantages. Check what they don't seem to be to have doubts we’re your most suitable option. Every student has his or her personal favourite topics and people she or he finds boring. Of course, all disciplines are important, however it's unimaginable to be a genius in all spheres of knowledge. Wonderful, secure, correct, being every time responding you for every problem. Ordering a paper from us is so simple as urgent a button. You just should fill full particulars about your paper. We provide the best work to our shoppers that hardly need any revision. But, we nonetheless supply free revisions until the satisfaction of our purchasers that indirectly means unlimited revisions within the deadline timeframe. You could be personal by providing your individual viewpoint on a difficulty, or by utilizing that view to interpret other authors' work and conclusions. One is that a great essay ought to be written in a formal, impersonal method with a good scattering of long phrases and lengthy, sophisticated sentences. You ought to assemble your essay as a sequence of distinct points set out in a rational order. One essential way of guiding the reader via your essay is by utilizing paragraphs. So, we work 24 hours a day and 7 days a week to give you prompt suggestions. Whenever you expertise a lack of time or motivation, contact us. We are here around the clock to provide you a serving to hand with any task. Delegate part of your obligations to our group and have extra time for things you really like. Devoting more time and effort to your main, you'll obtain success in your future profession. Let our team know the kind of paper you want, the number of pages required, and whenever you need it by. Things happen, so we’re one hundred% committed to exhibiting understanding in any situation. Writers of complicated works, corresponding to theses and dissertations, are anticipated to provide common and well timed drafts of sections and chapters for buyer evaluation before proceeding to the subsequent one. We break down the structure of an essay and present you tips on how to do it nicely.

How To Write An Essay Fast

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Paper Writer

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Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship INTRODUCTION Every innovation starts with an idea that aims to make an existing process or product better, to improve the original design or to cater to different needs. Creative idea is the foundation for innovation. But what comprises an excellent idea? How does a person in power able to differentiate an idea that is only good in theory and those that actually answers real-world demands. In order for a business to be successful, they need to realize the ever changing demands of the modern world. It is no longer enough to stay plain and original. Every business needs to cope with these changes which are the usual drivers for innovation. The responsibility lies with the managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to identify opportunities through these changes. They also need to set a clear vision on what the company wants to achieve and how they want to achieve it. This as the guiding principle will enable them to match the right ideas to what is relevant in reality. The focus of this paper is to discuss important analytical tools used to recognize ideas that could lead to innovation of processes. It also discusses the criteria used to deduce which ideas are suitable and feasible for the organization. LATERAL THINKING There are two methods of thinking, Vertical Thinking and Lateral Thinking. Vertical thinking uses logic and traditional methods while Lateral Thinking avoids any common sequence and creates solution through a different point of view. In business, Lateral thinking is more encouraged when making decisions and coming up with ideas geared towards innovation in the organization. Lateral Thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s simplest definition is the ability to think outside of the box. This term was first coined by Dr. Edward de Bono in 1970. It describes the manner of solving problems through different perspectives. It encourages leaving the obvious and common, and being open to the change of concepts and perceptions. Dr. Bono described Lateral thinking as being concerned not with the existing factors but in changing what already exists. It is common to find solutions through usual and predictable ways especially if the current ways still work, but the use of Lateral thinking provides a b etter and wider scope of opportunities to innovate. That is why lateral thinking is a very important criterion when identifying ideas to cultivate for an organization. VISIONING Visioning is the process of forming mental image of the desired future to serve as motivators for the present action. It pictures the success of a goal achieved on a specific time, it does not dwell on the present but on the future and for long term. The ability to visualize is a very important characteristic of a leader. It is important for a leader to have a wide imagination that will enable them to set goals, set plans and anticipates possible risks and problems that they might encounter, as they venture through the realization of their goal as a company. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vision is the clear guide for choosing the course of action; every decision should answer to what the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vision is aiming for. It is the leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to be the driver and make sure that the organization is functioning with one goal in mind. Visioning affects cultivation of innovation because when people have a clear idea of what they want a nd the success ahead, creative ideas flow more freely which benefits the whole organization. The key is to think ahead and see how an idea will affect the whole organization for the long term. PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES Having the idea and a guiding vision is not the end of the Innovative cycle. An organization needs to be equipped for any hindrance towards getting their goal. It is essential to have the ability to analyze a problem and find ways to solve them without sacrificing quality or integrity of work. Different people have different ways of dealing with difficulties. In business, it is important to be objective when dealing with problems and interruptions. That is why it is important for leaders and management to be aware of the different problem solving techniques that can be utilized when faced with such circumstances. Problem solving techniques are steps that can be used to identify the problems that are hindering the goal. The steps include acknowledging that a problem is present, defining what the problem is, planning a fix to the problem, identifying the resources available to be used, monitoring the progress and appraising the efficiency of the solution. These are the basic an d simplest approach a person can follow. There are more detailed strategies that can be used by bigger companies when dealing with difficult problems. Some of the more commonly used are Kepner-Tregoe Problem Solving, Six Sigma, Root Cause Analysis, Fishbon and TQM. Kepner Tregoe Problem Solving. This approach dwells with setting the objective, finding different options, weighing the pros and cons and choosing the best answer. This approach limits the biased decisions as much as possible. The four basic steps are Situational Appraisal, Problem Analysis, Decision Analysis and Potential Problem Analysis. Six Sigma Tools. This approach is very systematic and strategic. It follows the DMAIC model and focus on root causes to process problems. The end goal of Six Sigma is to have quality improvements and improved standard of process or product. It also focus on savings gained through the project. 5 Whys or Root Cause Analysis. This approach is quite subjective and dependent on whoever is analyzing the problem. It is simple but proven effective when finding the root cause of a problem. The 5 Whys steps are straight forward and starts with asking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to the problem, once an answer has been given, the next à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will be asked until a root cause can be identified. Fishbone Diagram. This is another known tool used for finding root cause with the goal to correct the actions. This approach is also known as Cause and Effect diagram or Ishikawa. It groups causes into different categories with the causes cascading from the main categories that forms what looks as a fishbone, hence the name. TQM Tools. This approach is more robust in a way that it requires involvement of the whole organization for their implementation. The goal of this approach is to build quality process. Some common TQM practices are Process Management, Customer Involvement, Strategic Planning etc. ANALYTICAL TOOLS SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is an analytical method which utilizes techniques that centres on the strengths and weaknesses. SWOT stands for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat. This technique deals with the positive and negative of both internal and external factors. The idea is to cover the full scope of the problem and to assess all possibilities. This technique can be applied at any stage of the innovative cycle. It is used to discover new opportunities or answers to problems to existing processes or products. It is also used to narrow done possibilities and to arrive to the best way to solve the problem. The technique is also helpful when reviewing plans mid-course, this can result to discovering new opportunities while still on the process and can also lead to discovering imperfections on the current plans. SWOT is a proven effective technique for discovering new opportunities in business. Since it deals with all the facets of the business, the data is accurate and provides a strong foundation for coming up with a reliable action plan. The strength of this technique makes it a very important tool for Project Management. PESTLE ANALYSIS Pestle Analysis is another tool used for Business Analysis. Pestle stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. This technique dwells mainly on the external factors which contribute to the success and failure of the plan. It provides different angles by looking closely in the environment where the business operates. This method is an important tool for strategic management because it looks closely on the environmental factors that affect the organization as whole. There are more opportunities for ideas that could improve current methods or processes since it analyzes a broader range. At the same time, by looking into the external factors it will be easier to track what among the existing products, service or process are no longer working or outdated. It is important for an organization to do this to stay relevant. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Cost Benefit analysis is another technique used which assess the benefits and associated costs to arrive in a decision. It usually runs over a given period of time and data gathered are used as basis for analyzing which path to take. This method involves these basic principles; Project appraisal, incorporating external factors in analysis, and Time bound. Using cost benefit analysis usually takes time since it must complete the set course in order to gather enough and reliable data. This type of analysis depends on finding and adding all the positive factors which is the Benefits part. Then the same steps are taken to find and add the negative factors, which are the Costs. The difference will dictate whether the plan will suit and generate positive impact to the organization. This technique can be used in any aspects but commonly used for problems with monetary involvement and thus cost will play as a big factor. DECISION MAKING PROCESSES AND STYLE ANALYSIS Decision making is the process of making a choice out of all the available options. An effective decision making, foresees the results of each available option, be able to weigh the positive and negative and conclude objectively the best choice. Different analytical tools and techniques meant to aid the decision making process. It is best to decide decisions with facts from research and statistics, these serve as proof that points are well thought and possibilities are thoroughly explored. Decision making process follows these steps: Definition of the problem Identifying limits Exploring alternatives Analysis of alternatives Selection Implementation Establish control Evaluation Different people have different ways of making decisions. Decision making involves different styles and success is dependent on how well the organization adapts and embrace it. Here are some of the commonly known styles exercised by different leaders from different companies. Decision making can be Directive. In this style, the leader has the sole responsibility in making the decision. It is assumed that the one in power has the best knowledge of the problem and can provide the best solution in behalf of the whole organization. Next style is Analytical. This style still highly involves the leader but supporting information from the team is needed to back up the decision. Conceptual style is a style where the leader involves the whole team in making concepts of each option and takes higher risks. They brainstorm together and share different inputs and tackling the problem before arriving into a conclusion. Another style is Delegation. In this style, the responsibility to make the decision is given to a group and not necessarily to the leader alone. The leader acts as a guide and decisions are based on what the group arrived at on consensus. IDEAL CHANGE MODEL IDEAL change model stands for Initiating, Diagnosing, Establishing, Acting and Learning. This model was devised to be guide when planning for any change. It has been successful and can be applied for both small and big organizations and proven to be effective in dealing with different types of challenges. This model is essential when coming up with innovations because of how the method works. It aims to continuous improvement and at the same time reduce defects that are commonly overlooked when implementing something new. The last step, learning, is especially important for this model because it encourages continuity and evaluation that there is significant improvement brought by the change. This also pushes leaders to provide ongoing management. CONCLUSION Competition in the modern world of business is constantly changing. It is no longer enough to have good product and services, they are still on the top of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s priority, but it is no longer suf ficient. Creative and Innovative ideas are constantly needed in order to make sure your company is not left behind. The use of different methods and techniques to analyze these ideas are essential for companies because it provides them solid and tested proof on how effective the ideas are, once applied to the marketplace.

E Commerce A Market Scale - 1690 Words

E-commerce is generally viewed as exchange of goods or services through electronic networks or the internet. An estimated number of 2.4 billion users globally exchanges data on this platform with those known to be actively involved being teenagers and people at middle age who are pressed for time to create time for other activities and it is not only tedious but time consuming to go out shopping in physical stores. In a market scale this could be an astounding figure providing enormous market space. E-business can be used interchangeably with the term E-commerce with occasional use of the term e-tail to refer to online retailing activities. In a retail interest shopping carts are normally established upon which customer shopping habits†¦show more content†¦With the previously documented trend in the growth of e-commerce especially in the past five years the opportunity to trade in this platform is still open thereby eliminating the need to sell off a domain name shortly after you start your business online especially as far as clothing store is concerned at Jersey Shore broadways. Those in retail shops in the current times are yet to realize the significance of online shopping and the shift in shopping trends in the modern generation. In China for instance over 60% of young fashion enthusiasts have resorted to online shopping as it saves them the hustles of having to travel long distances to acquire the same cloth line that they could obtain and pay for in a click of a button with the convenience again of having the product delivered to their doorsteps (Eisingerich and Kretschmer, 2008). One designer and manager of e-commerce store, David Ferguson with over 10 years’ experience notes that most successful of his clients have been those willing to put hard work on the fore especially in the first two years of their venture as this is the most critical time when one is hoping to grow a brand or store for the future of the business. Those individuals hoping to visit Jersey Shore Broadway my need the service of the store since some might not be able to establish contact with the online to acquire

Freedom Of Speech The Importance Of The Freedom Of Speech

Freedom of speech is a right protected by the First Amendment. According to the administrative office of the United States Courts (n.d.), the First Amendment states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law... abridging freedom of speech.† Freedom of speech is arguably one of the most cherished American values in the First Amendment. As defined by an online unabridged Dictionary (n.d.), The rights covered by freedom of speech include the right to express opinions publicly without governmental interference. You are wrong when you say that we should shut down news outlets when they broadcast information that you do not like because freedom of speech applies to news outlets. News outlets have freedom of speech. Simply put by an article on the†¦show more content†¦The only reason individuals have to believe that news outlets do not have freedom of speech would be because they are committing slander or libel. According to Dictionary.com, slander is, â€Å"defamation by oral utterance† while libel is, â€Å"defamation by written or printed words.† According to information provided by Maureen P. Haney (2016), an attorney in Cleveland, Ohio, whenever news outlets publish information that could be considered defamation, they are protected by the first amendment rights specifically because news outlets are allowed to broadcast their opinion. So news outlets have every right a person does and can state their opinion however they please. Shutting down news outlets when they broadcast information that you do not like infringes on freedom of speech. The only appropriate time to shut down a news outlet would be if they were continuously spread ing false information purposefully that was causing mass chaos across the country. That hypothetical scenario would be similar to the Schenck v. United States Supreme Court case which according to Oyez, concluded that the character of the individual must be taken into account when examining their rights. That court case created the famous example of yelling â€Å"Fire† in a crowded theatre. Because yelling â€Å"Fire† would create unnecessary mass hysteria, it is not protected by the individuals First Amendment rights.Fake news outlets, such as The Onion, only publish satirical news articles and are still able toShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1116 Words   |  5 PagesTopic/Title: The Importance of Freedom of Speech General Purpose: I want to inform my audience Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the importance of freedom of speech. Thesis: Freedom of speech is important because it allows new ideas to surface, encourages the development in social relationships to prosper, and it permits for the truth to prevail. Introduction A. Attention getter There is a famous written saying that adheres to the attitude of every important figure throughoutRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most cherished one: the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech gives citizens the right to express their own opinions publicly without government interference, violating laws, or inciting any kind of violence or rebellion. However, the first amendment does not mean anyone can simply say whatever they want. There are several topics that are strictly scrutinized by law and there are even some situations in which freedom of speech is lawfully restricted. Freedom of speech is an extremely important partRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech1455 Words   |  6 PagesIt is in these moments of confrontation that the importance of free speech becomes essential to finding a resolution that fits the needs and wants of the majority without disregarding the basic human rights of the minority being represented. Free speech sh ould have limits; this includes the use of inappropriate personal attacks, un-related subject matter/ lying, and inciting violence against others for their opinions and beliefs. Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights in society thatRead MoreFree Speech : The Importance Of The Freedom Of Speech1079 Words   |  5 PagesFree speech in my mind, should be universally protected, except when that speech turns into hate against any particular minority and incites violence that is not needed for the safety of the public at large. Freedom of speech serves to be a fundamental democratic right that affords every citizen to participate in the United States constitutional democracy. It is a vital tool because it can be used by every person, rich, poor, black or white, to voice their concerns and rejections of the federal orRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1192 Words   |  5 Pagesamendment of the United States’ Bill of Rights states â€Å"Congress shall make no law... prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,†. Freedom of speech tends to be the most appreciated part of this amendment, while also causing the most anger. Most hate speech is protected under it, causing loads of controversy of the years. If the speech is not active fighting words threatening the livelihood of somebody, you’re allowed to say whatever you want. A landmark case in confirmingRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech878 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is a basic fundamental human right. Whether or not on a college campus, people (especially college students) should have the right to speak freely. Everyone does have the right to speak freely, because it is one of the twenty-seven amendments. Colleges all around the United States are now home to many restrictions on free speech. For example, the idea and use of â€Å"free speech zones† has made its way to colleges everywhere. A â€Å"free speech zone† is a sidewalk sized place where studentsRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech778 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone referring to Freedom of Speech, what comes to your mind? How far should Freedom of Speech go for you or others? And when you see someone practicing Freedom of Speech, do you actually support it? In today’s society, some of us forget what Freedom of Speech actually is and how far it is actually extended. Freedom of Speech means, the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint. Freedom of Speech is protected under the First Amendment. Freedom of Speech includes but is notRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthem listed in our constitution in the 1st amendment is the right to freedom of speech. However, like many liberties, freedom of speech is not absolute under the supreme law of land. What this means is that yes we do have freedom of speech, but it is not protected by the government if it includes obscenity, defamation, fraud, incitement, true threats and speech integral to already criminal conduct. White, K. (2017, June 08) Speech is an important part of our democracy, it gives us the right to speakRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1394 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitution states â€Å"Congress shall make no law [...] abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and t o petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† However, the right to freedom of speech has limits, including violence, inciting a riot, libel or slander and yelling fire in a theatre. At a private company, such as the NFL, there are even more limits to this freedom, depending on the organization’s terms and conditions and any contractsRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech956 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed on campus to protect their students, but this hinders the quality of the students learning. Public college campuses should not safeguard student’s free speech by providing safe spaces, presenting trigger warnings, or controlling who speaks on campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚   All students attending public colleges should be allowed the freedom of speech and not be shielded from what college officials deem necessary to censor. Colleges that provide safe spaces, physical places students can go to openly discuss controversial

Problematic Alcohol Use in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the literature on problematic alcohol use in Australia to discuss the risks and protective factors for alcohol use in a specific Australian population group. Answer: Introduction The trend of alcohol consumption in Australia is rising specifically among the young adults. Problematic alcohol use is a major cause of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, autism, mood disorder and psychotic disorders. In most cases, these mental disorders develop due to the consumption of excess alcohol for a long time. However, some mental disorders occur in the short-term. Even though there are several programs designed to address the problematic alcohol consumption, some youths do not have access to these programs. This scholarly paper aims to explore the problem of alcohol use in the population aged between 14 and 17 years. The study will also evaluate the risk factors and protective factors for alcohol consumption. The paper will elucidate the Alcohol and Drug Information Services (ADIS) which is an evidence-based program for addressing problematic alcohol use in Australia. In the last part, it will examine the role of nursing in combating problematic alcohol use. Problematic alcohol consumption in Australia Alcohol abuse is a significant problem in among adolescents in Australia. The population aged between 14 and 17 years is greatly affected by alcohol use. One study conducted in 2011 found that 74 percent of Australians aged 14 years old have used alcohol in the past. The study further found that 90.9 percent of those aged 17 years have consumed alcohol at one particular time in their life. Individuals aged 14 and 17 years were found to have consumed about four drinks on a single day in the last seven days. The most consumed alcoholic drinks are spirits, pre-mixed spirits, ordinary beer and alcoholic sodas (Kelly, et al., 2016). Males comprise the highest number of drinkers in this population. Even in the entire population in Australia, men drink more alcohol compared to women(Wilsnack, Wilsnack, Kristjanson, Vogeltanz-Holm, Gmel, 2009). Most adolescents who make this population are students. Hence, a large percentage consumes alcohol in school with friends while others access alcoho l in their homes. There are however some adolescents who purchase alcohol from bottle shops, liquor stores and supermarkets. The selected population has high chances of consuming hazardous levels of alcohol. A recent study indicates that despite public education on the adverse impacts of alcohol consumption, the trend of drinking remained constant between 2001 and 2007. In fact, it was reported that about 10 percent of the population consume high amounts of alcohol, which can result in long-term harm. For instance, in Western Australia, 39 percent of the individuals who are aged 14 years and above drink a lot of alcohol that has a chance of causing harm in the short-term. 11 percent of this population drinks alcohol levels that have a chance of causing harm in the long-term. Wholesalers of alcohol continue to record high returns since per capita alcohol drinking is rising in Australia (Pereira, Wood, Foster, Haggar, 2013). This analysis indicates that the population aged between 14 and 17 years has higher chances of suffering from mental disorders than the rest of the population. Empirical studies show that consumption of alcohol is a key risk factor for disease burden in Australia. Based on a study conducted in 2013, 26 percent of the population aged 14 years in Australia had experienced an alcohol-related harm. Mental disorders are the most common harms that adolescents experienced as a result of excessive drinking (Ward, Kippen, Buykx, Munro, McBride, Wiggers, 2016). Besides, excessive consumption of alcohol is associated with suicidal behaviour. Suicidal behaviour occurs due to impaired judgment and disinhibition. Some individuals who consume alcohol might use suicide as a way of reducing stress (Pompili, et al., 2010). Drinking alcohol has significant adverse impacts on students. Students who consume high amounts of alcohol have 1.2 higher chances of experiencing psychological distress compared to students who drink low levels of alcohol. Additionally, students who take excessive alcohol are more likely to miss classes, exhibit low concentration in clas s and fail to handle assignments (Tembo, Burns, Kalembo, 2017). The population under study in this paper comprises of students who might suffer these mental disorders. Risk factors Various risk factors influence the consumption of alcohol among adolescents. Adolescent development experiences, as well as social settings, expose youths to alcohol consumption. Some of the environments that expose young people to alcohol abuse are sporting and recreational settings. As youth socialise, they have higher chances of being introduced to alcohol abuse (Toumbourou, Evans-Whipp, Smith, Hemphill, Herrenkohl, Catalano, 2014). Lack of legislation Another risk factor for the consumption of excess alcohol is the lack of legislation on the minimum age for alcohol drinking. Australia has embraced the system of most western nations that restrict the sale of alcohol based on age, club licenses and the consumption of alcohol in licensed places. Alcohol is not sold to those aged under 18 years (Howard, Gordon, Jones, 2014). Since the adolescents are not restricted from drinking alcohol, they can obtain alcohol from different sources. Parental supply The prevalence of alcohol abuse among the youths indicates that they obtain alcohol from peers and parents (Kaynak, Winters, Cacciola, Kirby, Arria, 2014). In 2009, 388 parents from Australia were involved in a survey aimed to determine whether parents supply alcohol to their children. The survey found that 37 percent of the parents had supplied their children with alcohol in the past 3 months (Ward Snow, 2011). The study concluded that most adolescents obtain alcohol from their parents. Studies show that parents are increasingly lowering the supply of alcohol to minors. In 2004, 21.3 percent of parents asserted that they supplied alcohol to their children. This number dropped to 11.7 percent in 2013 (Kelly, et al., 2016). Parents who supply alcohol to their children claim that they are protecting the children from harm. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies found that there is no evidence of protection when parents supply alcohol to their children. Instead, the parents are cont inuously cultivating the habit of drinking in the adolescents (Kaynak, Winters, Cacciola, Kirby, Arria, 2014). The abuse of alcohol is high when the adolescents are unsupervised. Parental supervision can lower the incidences of excessive consumption of alcohol among the young adults. Exposure to alcohol in school Another risk factor for the consumption of alcohol is the exposure drinking habits in schools. Learning institutions play a vital role controlling the consumption of alcohol among students through practices and regulations. Alcohol abuse in the presence of learners indicates approval for drinking and might encourage students to adopt drinking habits (Ward, Buykx, Munro, Hausdorf, Wiggers, 2014). Recent reports indicate that the habit of drinking alcohol in the presence of children in Australia is on the rise. Most adults drink alcohol during school events. Peer pressure Peer pressure is another risk factor for the problematic alcohol use in Australia. Adolescents tend to influence and initiate each other into alcoholism. There is an important part of peer-relations in the emergence of adolescent drinking behaviour (Han, Grogan-Kaylor, Delva, Castillo, 2012). Youths who are introduced into drinking by their peers might be worse addicts compared to those who are introduced by their parents. Protective factors Regardless of the rampant alcohol abuse in the population aged 14 to 17 years, there are some protective factors. The protective factors can be classified as community, family, individual and school protective factors. Community protective factors Some aspects of the community act as protective factors against drinking alcohol. The primary community protective factor is getting a reward for prosocial engagement (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). It is notable that some individuals in the community reward good behaviour in the youths. In other instances, the youths might be rewarded for doing something noble for the community. The activities that are rewarded in the community are getting involved in community groups and involvement in community building. Engagement in community sports is another community protective element. Family protective factors The family setting acts as an important protective factor. As discussed in previous paragraphs, the parents play a fundamental role in shaping the alcohol behaviour of a child. The main family protective factor is being close to the parents. A study conducted in Australia revealed that some youths were attached to their fathers while others were attached to their mothers (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). The level of attachment determines whether the adolescents are in the position to share their thoughts and feelings openly. It is notable that youths who share with their parents have fewer chances of being initiated into alcohol abuse. Youths who spend a lot of time with their family doing positive things have higher chances of disclosing their whereabouts to the parents. Also, they have higher chances of adhering to parental discipline. School protective factors The school can model the behaviour of the students either positively or negatively. School games and avenues for socialisation are some of the protective factors in school. Commitment to school activities helps students to avoid dangerous behaviours such as alcohol abuse. Rewards for outstanding behaviour motivate the students to uphold ethics as well as avoid engaging in activities that may result in harm. Individual protective factors Personal values and behaviours are important protective factors against the consumption of alcohol. Various individual protective factors impend the youths from engaging in alcohol abuse. The religiosity of an individual is an important personal protective factor (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). The inclination to religious gatherings, activities and services defines the religiosity of an individual. Another personal protective factor is the belief in the moral order. The moral order includes factors such as being honest, just and trustworthy. Self-efficacy and academic performance act as protective factors against alcohol abuse when expressed at high levels. Lastly, social variables including peer pressure and antisocial behaviour are positively associated with low alcohol drinking if they occur in low values. Program that addresses alcohol use The program that addresses alcohol use in Australia is Alcohol and Drug Information Services (ADIS). ADIS is designed to deal with the problematic alcohol use at the state and territory levels. Details of the program ADIS is a telephone-based counselling service that is offered by trained counsellors who have a background in the alcohol field. The program is provided by the Drug and Alcohol Services across Australia. The program is offered 24 hours a day, which means it can be accessed at any time of the day. Various telephone numbers have been made available for the public to call in case they require specialised help. Even though ADIS is open to the public, it is a confidential program (Tzelepis, et al., 2015). Vast information is available for people who use the ADIS program. The professionals can inquire what is happening to the caller specifically about alcohol use. Besides, they offer emotional support to individuals who are addicted to alcohol. Emotion-regulation techniques mainly the capacity to control adverse emotions is a vital target in managing alcohol dependence (AD) (Berking, Margraf, Ebert, Wupperman, Hofmann, Junghannsb, 2012). The counsellors further advise the clients about treatment options. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is among the most effective interventions for alcohol abuse. The professionals have extensive knowledge of the available treatments for problematic alcohol use. The final intervention for alcohol addicts is referring clients to local services. Clients are referred to the suitable local service based on their condition or level of alcohol addiction. General practitioners also get help from the counsellors. The counselling is often customized to the clients needs. Help is offered about both short-term and long-term impacts of alcohol abuse. A significant part of the program offers information about the side effects of alcohol and symptoms of intoxication (Tzelepis, et al., 2015). Target audience ADIS targets a wide client base in the community. The main target for the program is individuals and families. Australians who are experiencing problematic alcohol use can enrol in the program because it is free. The design of ADIS makes it cost-effective and practical for families and individual clients. Goals of the program ADIS has multiple goals that are meant to enhance the quality of life (QOL) of people experiencing problematic alcohol use. The overall intention of the program is to help people reduce or stop alcohol use. Additionally, it has an objective of offering ready information about alcohol abuse. Australians struggling with alcohol abuse, pharmacies and prescribers get readily available information. It aims to educate alcohol addicts on the mental health issues associated with alcohol abuse. When youths are informed of the possible mental illnesses linked to substance abuse, there are high chances of withdrawal. The program cultivates healthy stress-management initiatives among the general population. People who experience mental health illnesses linked to alcohol abuse tend to develop stress. Role of nursing in combating problematic alcohol use Nurses offer enhanced service for problematic alcohol use in primary care. The enhanced services act as the first type of intervention for people seeking to address alcohol abuse. The nursing role in primary care should start with the screening of the population aged between 14 and 17 years. Different alcohol screening tools have been developed for use in primary care. The most effective tools that nurses should use are the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) (Meneses-Gaya, et al., 2010). AUDIT is effective for all genders and races (Frank, DeBenedetti, Volk, Williams, Kivlahan, Bradley, 2008). Conversely, FAST is sensitive and sensitive (GROVES, et al., 2010). All the participants who test positive for these tests should be offered intervention to lower the risk of developing alcohol-based illnesses. The process of screening entails asking the participants questions that will reveal whether they are experiencing alcohol dependency . Empirical evidence asserts that after the screening, intervention should be offered as fast as possible to reduce the impact (Kaner, et al., 2013). In most cases, intervention should be initiated on the same day after the screening. Nurses in primary care can offer treatment in different ways. The best methods that have been proposed in this report are detailed lifestyle counselling, enhanced patient information and person-tailored counselling. Patient information can be provided through leaflets after the screening process. Apart from the leaflets, the individuals should be offered more information about their drinking levels. The information should be accompanied with techniques on how to minimise alcohol levels. The next type of intervention should be lifestyle counselling. However, the lifestyle counselling should be conducted after an appointment (Hamilton Baker, 2013). An appointment is fundamental because the provider should first understand the lifestyle of individual, drinking habit and willingness to adhere to treatment plans. Although there three interventions are important for problematic alcohol use, feedback and detailed information are the most suitable interventions to minimise excessive alcohol consumption. The types of interventions discussed in the above paragraphs are effective, yet they require minimal training. The structure of the enhanced service in primary care is a key factor for success. Community-based intervention is the most effective approach. The primary care will be offered at Local Government Area (LGA) levels. Youths aged between 14 and 17 years will be recruited into the program if they exhibit the willingness to reduce, stop or manage alcohol abuse. Conclusion As evident in this paper, alcohol use is a significant problem in Australia. The study is specifically focused on the population aged between 14 and 17 years. The selected population engages in alcohol abuse due to various risk factors. Parental supply, exposure to alcohol in school, peer pressure and lack of firm legislation are among of the main risk factors for alcohol use among the chosen population. Protective factors are rewards for exemplary behaviour, parental supervision, sporting activities and involvement in community activities. The program that has been developed to address the problem of alcohol use in Australia is ADIS, and it aims to help people reduce, manage and stop alcohol abuse. Nurses have a role in screening and introducing interventions to address problematic alcohol use References Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., Junghannsb, K. (2012). Deficits in Emotion-Regulation Skills Predict Alcohol Use During and After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol Dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol , 79 (3), 307-318. Frank, D., DeBenedetti, A. F., Volk, R. J., Williams, E. C., Kivlahan, D. R., Bradley, K. A. (2008). Effectiveness of the AUDIT-C as a Screening Test for Alcohol Misuse in Three Race/Ethnic Groups. J Gen Intern Med , 23 (6), 781-787. GROVES, P., PICK, S., DAVIS, P., CLOUDESLEY, R., COOKE, R., FORSYTHE, M., et al. (2010). Routine alcohol screening and brief interventions in general hospital in-patient wards: Acceptability and barriers. Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 17 (1), 55-71. Hamilton, I., Baker, S. (2013). Nurses role in tackling problematic alcohol use. Practice Nursing , 24 (7), 351-355. Han, Y., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Delva, J., Castillo, M. (2012). The Role of Peers and Parents in Predicting Alcohol Consumption among Chilean Youth. Int J Child Adolesc health , 5 (1), 53-64. Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F. (2011). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia: A longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health , 49 (3), 312-320. Howard, S. J., Gordon, R., Jones, S. C. (2014). Australian alcohol policy 20012013 and implications for public health. BMC Public Health , 14, 848. Kaner, E., Bland, M., P, C., S, C., Dale, V., Gilvarry, E., et al. (2013). Effectiveness of screening and brief alcohol intervention in primary care (SIPS trial): pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ , 346, e8501. Kaynak, ., Winters, K. C., Cacciola, J., Kirby, K. C., Arria, A. M. (2014). Providing Alcohol for Underage Youth: What Messages Should We Be Sending Parents? J Stud Alcohol Drugs , 75 (4), 590-605. Kelly, A. B., Chan, G. C., Weier, M., Quinn, C., Gullo, M. J., Connor, J. P., et al. (2016). Parental supply of alcohol to Australian minors: an analysis of six nationally representative surveys spanning 15 years. BMC Public Health , 16, 325. Meneses-Gaya, C., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R., Hallak, J. E., Trzesniak, C., et al. (2010). The fast alcohol screening test (FAST) is as good as the AUDIT to screen alcohol use disorders. Subst Use Misuse , 45 (10), 1542-1557. Pereira, G., Wood, L., Foster, S., Haggar, F. (2013). Access to Alcohol Outlets, Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health. PLoS One , 8 (1), e53461. Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., Ferracuti, S., Kotzalidis, G. D., et al. (2010). Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse. Int J Environ Res Public Health , 7 (4), 1392-1431. Tembo, C., Burns, S., Kalembo, F. (2017). The association between levels of alcohol consumption and mental health problems and academic performance among young university students. PLoS one , 12 (6), e0178142. Toumbourou, J. W., Evans-Whipp, T. J., Smith, R., Hemphill, S. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Catalano, R. F. (2014). Adolescent Predictors and Environmental Correlates of Young Adult Alcohol Use Problems. Addiction , 109 (3), 417-424. Tzelepis, F., Paul, C. L., Wiggers, J., Kypri, K., Bonevski, B., McElduff, P., et al. (2015). Targeting multiple health risk behaviours among vocational education students using electronic feedback and online and telephone support: protocol for a cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health , 15, 550. Ward, B. M., Snow, P. C. (2011). Factors affecting parental supply of alcohol to underage adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev , 30 (4), 338-343. Ward, B. M., Buykx, P., Munro, G., Hausdorf, K., Wiggers, J. (2014). Review of policies and guidelines concerning adults' alcohol consumption and promotion in Australian government schools. Health Promot J Austr , 25 (2), 125-128. Ward, B. M., Kippen, R., Buykx, P., Munro, G., McBride, N., Wiggers, J. (2016). Principals reports of adults alcohol use in Australian secondary schools. BMC Public Health , 16, 195. Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. D., Gmel, G. (2009). GENDER AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: PATTERNS FROM THE MULTINATIONAL GENACIS PROJECT. Addiction , 104 (9), 1487-1500.

Video game Essay Example

Video game Essay In this century, the mass media have come to rival with parents, school, and religion as the most influential institution in individuals lives. There has always been contemplation on whether media is the spark that ignites violence in individuals. Depictions of violence often glamorize vicious behavior. They offend the society and feel less able to respond to others in a sensitive, caring way. This essay will analyze the effects of violent media on the minds of individuals. While it focuses on media vastly, other contributing factors like emotional processing factors or exposure to violence might be reasons too. The Bobo doll experiment was conducted using children as samples and to see how they respond to the behavior they see (Bandura, A. , Ross, D. amp; Ross, S. A. , 1961) The subjects were 36 boys and 36 girls enrolled in the Stanford University Nursery School, with a mean age of 52 months. Subjects were divided into eight experimental groups of six subjects each and a control group consisting of 24 subjects. The idea of this experiment is to observe the behavior of the individual after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. There are different variations of the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the individuals behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, punished or experience no consequence for beating up the Bobo doll. It was seen that male subjects, for example, exhibited more physical (t  = 2. 07,  p  lt; . 05) and verbal imitative aggression (t  = 2. 51,  p  lt; . 05), more non-imitative aggression (t  = 3. 5,  p  lt; . 025), and engaged in significantly more aggressive gun play (t  = 2. 12,  p  lt; . 05) following exposure to the aggressive male model than the female subjects. According to Bandura and Ross (1961) prediction that exposure of subjects to aggressive models increases the probability of aggressive behavior is clearly confirmed as the individuals imitate the models behavior by showing physical and verbal aggr ession. The researcher concludes that when violent media is observed or watch children tend to act the same way. We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is widely believed by many researchers that exposure to violent media causes desensitization towards violence, making violence seems alright and in turn increasing their aggression. The analysis of Carnagey, Anderson and Bushman(2007) examine, how media not only influences violence but a fresh insight towards the desensitization to real life violence. The participants were 257 college students (124 men and 133 women) who received extra course credit in exchange for their voluntary participation. All participants were tested individually and were told that the purpose of the study was to evaluate different types of media. After consent procedures were completed, 5  min baseline HR (Heart rate) and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) measurements were taken, using finger electrodes placed on the three middle fingers of the non-dominant hand. After 5  min, the experimenter removed the electrodes. Participants played a randomly assigned violent or nonviolent video game for 20  min. Next, participants watched a 10-min videotape of real violence in four contexts: courtroom outbursts, police confrontations, shootings, and prison fights. In one scene, for example, two prisoners repeatedly stab another prisoner. HR and GSR were monitored continuously while they watched the real-life violence. The results demonstrate that playing a violent video game, even for just 20  min, can cause people to become less physiologically aroused by real violence. Participants randomly assigned to play a violent video game had relatively lower HR and GSR while watching actual footage of people being beaten, stabbed, and shot than did those randomly assigned to play a nonviolent video game. With recent developments, the process of mind mapping also known as Stroop tests( Kalnin et al, 2010) have helped identify the relationship between brain activation and history of media violence exposure in adolescents. 22 controls and 22 adolescents with a past of aggressive behavior completed an emotional Stroop task during an fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). The foremost images pointed out that controls with a past of low media violence exposure exhibited more activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and rostral anterior cingulated. On the other hand, in the individuals that had past of aggressive behavior demonstrated less activation in the right Amygdala, compared with those with low media violence exposure. It safe to assess that media violence may affect individuals in different ways depending on the presence of aggressive traits but will still affect an individual (Kalnin et al, 2010). While violence is not new to the human race, it is an increasing problem in modern society. With greater access to firearms and explosives, the scope and efficiency of violent behavior has had serious consequences. Today 99% of homes have televisions. According to Pediatrics(2001), of all animated feature films produced in the United States between 1937 and 1999, 100% portrayed violence, and the amount of violence with intent to injure has increased through the years. On average, children ages 6-11 spend 42 hours a week in front of a TV—watching television, DVDs, DVR and videos, and using a game console. Kids ages 12-16 spend about 32 hours a week in front of the TV. The vast majority of this viewing (97%) is of live TV ( Med, n. d). Televised violence and the presence of television in American households have increased steadily over the years, resulting in violent behavior. Like there are two sides to a coin there are also other factors that induce violence, according to Ferguson, Miguel amp; Hartled (2009) who claim that while others claim a positive relationship between both violence and the media, they believe so otherwise. Violence has become a serious public health problem with children and adolescents suffering greater victimization than any other age group (Finkelhor amp; DziubaLeatherman, 1994). Media to a certain degree is a causation factor of violence, but there are other factors as well. One such factor discussed in the journal is â€Å"emotional susceptibility†. It is defined as the tendency to experience feelings of discomfort, helplessness, inadequacy and vulnerability according to Caprara (1985, cited in Bushman, B. J, amp; Green, G. R). Studies have agreed- and disagreed – the verdicts of whether or not exposure to violent media indeed induces violence. All these findings are done in order to arrive at a simple conclusion while taking account the exposure, the length of exposure and other factors surrounding the individual. These studies have their banes and their boons, and when looked at all together one’s advantage covers up another’s disadvantage like in all situations. In conclusion, it can be ascertained that if violent media is not the main factor, it is still an important constituent in deciding violence. References Bandura, A. , Ross, D. amp; Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82. Retrieved from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Bandura/bobo. htm

Product Team Cialis Getting Ready

Product Team Cialis Getting Ready Brief background Mark Berbato is the product team leader and executive director of Cialis. He has for a long time worked to provide a remedy for impotence in men competing existing leader, Viagra. The team is structured according to the function of its members. The product and marketing team works day and night to provide differential marketing strategies in order to survive the competition.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Viagra has been used for a long time to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Despite this statistics, Mark’s team is optimistic about the uncertainties involved. Lilly management decided to find a better erectile dysfunction treatment by first understanding the market. The medical, regulatory, legal, manufacturing, financial and marketing managers report directly to the executive director. The drug is expected to go throu gh various tests to ensure that it is safe for consumption by human beings. The test involves three phase trials after which it can be available in clinics. Decision dilemma Decision dilemma for Leonard Blum and his is team is whether to market Cialis in the already competitive market or go for the niche strategy. If the team decides to compete with Viagra, then their marketing strategy will involve reaching out to the loyal Viagra customers, dropouts, and those who have never consumed it at all. Health practitioners are also important because they are the ones who prescribe the drug to their patients. The management will also have to consider targeting the partners of the male patients with erectile dysfunction. The niche strategy however involves choosing a specific target group. Contradicting case facts The German leading erectile dysfunction drug, Levitra, was more effective than Viagra hence posed a challenge to Cialis. Bayer’s market research showed that 76% expressed s ome interest in Levitra. However, in 2001, its sales dropped by 2%. The team was forced with a task of clearly choosing a market for Cialis and ways of achieving results against the competition. The side effects of ED drugs such as facial flashing also prevents users from trusting the drugs hence it is very difficult to penetrate the market. The physicians believe that they are the only people who decides what patients should take hence they influence the consumption habit of ED victims.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Important details for better decision making For better understanding and decision making, the team should first understand its target group hence details regarding consumption of Viagra, the health practitioners, the partners of male victims, and the views on the media regarding those who do not take the drug and why should be analyzed. The con sumer today is more demanding, more connected and less loyal to a product hence the team should find better ways of dealing with certain target groups especially if they go for the niche strategy. Things that make the chosen target group different from the rest should be studied and the details should be analyzed. In order to make the right choice between the two options, the decision makers must compare the two market strategy so as to justify their choice. Analysis Consumers tend to follow what others do; it is a life preserving habit. The target market is already used to the existing product hence changing their perspective involves a lot of work. All the two market strategies can be effective depending on the approach given by the decision markers. The niche strategy can only be used when the team decides to assume the position held by Viagra and concentrate on their product. The team can then market Cialis to a specific target group regardless of how Viagra is performing in oth er areas. In the health sector, people tend to avoid using harmful substances despite the campaigns conducted by the health experts and advices provided. Viagra is an example of such products that have received mixed reactions. Niche strategy Pros The reason for niche strategy is that working with a specific target group is cheaper especially for a new product in the market that is not well established. It is also a way of avoiding coalition with the existing products such as Viagra. Narrowing the market segment means that the new product will have relatively less competition. Cons The strategy however assumes the importance of other target groups because of its narrow market segment. This strategy may be successful but its slower hence can easily cause failures during the implementation. It is sometimes difficult to identify the right target group to focus on hence the team can choose the wrong users resulting into failures.Advertising We will write a custom case study samp le on Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Compete Pros This strategy is important because it provides a faster growth. Once all the target groups are reached they can be given better services in order to maintain their loyalty. Competing strategy also creates room for learning because the challenges created by Viagra provide a learning environment to Cialis. It also takes care of the uncertainties involved in the new market hence the users are left to choose for themselves and no speculations are made. Cons A reason against this strategy is that when joining a new market, it is not easy to know whether customers will prefer new product to the old ones hence more products can go to waste. This strategy is expensive because competing existing product involves differentiation in both services and products. Going head-to-head with Viagra may require Cialis to use their marketing strategies which may not work becau se the consumers expect something different. Beating Pros The reason for differentiation is that it makes consumers aware of the importance of the product. It gives a consumer an opportunity to compare and contrast the unique characteristics with other similar products. For Cialis, it is important because the users will easily identify unique health importance of the product. Cons However, product differentiation may not be good for drugs because it leads to false unique qualities that are used to attract more users. It also exposes the users to risks because the drug may be uniquely identified with wrong qualities that result to complications when consumed. Finally, medical products are not measured in terms of design but impact and diagnosis therefore the strategy violates this principle. Co-branding Pros The main purpose of this strategy is that the drug can be convincingly positioned using the renowned brand. It can also be used to change the perception of users when the drug is branded with a product they relate to. To capture the doubting users, co-branding can be used to improve the confidence of customers who feel the drug is not well known.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cons Co-branding poses challenges when the partner brand goes through recession. Each company works hard to improve its market share hence one company may ruin one’s brand except for same-company co-branding. Co-branding also denies a company a chance to develop because it relies on a particular company to market its products. Conclusion Cialis can fairly compete with Viagra to gain a large customer base by choosing the best option, considering important details concerning the target market and making the right decision required in order to survive in the market.

Patricia Benner Theorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patricia Benner Theorist - Assignment Example Such is the fundamental message of Benner’s From Novice to Expert. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner of the University of California was a forerunner in clinical practice research; specifically, she examined the traits of experts and the development of expertise. Employing a qualitative design, as well as interview and observation, she studied several nurses involved in clinical activities—from novice nurses to expert nurses. From this research she wrote her book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing (2001) wherein she identified a hierarchy or pyramid of practice in medical nursing. The five phases of development described by Benner are ‘novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert’ (Alber et al., 2009, 126). Benner’s work covers clear, perceptive explanations of every stage and the framework has been applied by others in examining their profession and creating academic programs. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner is a nursing graduate from Pasadena College. She later on obtained a Master’s Degree in nursing from University of California in 1970, with her primary focus on medical-surgical nursing. Benner has a broad array of clinical knowledge and experience

Semiconductor devices and circuits Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Semiconductor devices and circuits - Coursework Example Each atom after sharing electrons will attain a full outer shell. Conductors: Conductor materials have large number of free electrons and thus conduct easily. Examples of a good conductor are copper and aluminum and they have, at room temperature, many electrons for conduction. Insulators These are materials which do not conduct. For insulators, there is a very large gap between the two bands i.e. conduction and valence bands. Insulators can only conduct at extremely high temperatures or when they are subjected to very high voltage. Examples of insulators are, wood, glass, paper and mica. Semiconductors: These materials are between conductors and insulators. They are neither conductors nor insulators. They can easily conduct at room temperatures. Examples of these materials are silicon and germanium. Intrinsic semiconductors: These are pure semiconductors since the content of impurity is minimal. These materials are cautiously refined to achieve this form of purity. When intrinsic se miconductors are subjected to room temperature, valence electrons absorb heat energy breaking the covalent bond and move to conduction band. Electrons and holes conduction In intrinsic semiconductors, holes and free electrons are the major charge carriers. Holes and electrons which are generated at room temperatures move in a random motion and can’t conduct any current. ... This allows electric current to flow as a result of electrons movement in the conduction band. The motion of holes in semiconductors is opposite to that of electron. As a result of electrons escape from valence band to conduction band, holes are created in the valence band. When current is applied the electron break and moves to feel the holes present, at the same time this electron leaves another hole and this process continues. The movement of these holes in the valence band leads to current flow referred to as whole current. Extrinsic Semiconductors Small amounts of other materials are added to intrinsic semiconductor to alter the properties and this result to extrinsic semiconductor. This is process of adding an impurity to improve the conductivity of the semiconductor is referred to as doping. The materials used as impurities are called dopant. These semiconductors are the most widely used in practice since they have better conductivity compared to intrinsic semiconductors and a re used in manufacture of electronics components such as transistors and diodes. There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors and each depending on the type of impurity used. They are n-type and p-type. N- Type Atoms with five electrons in their outer most shell are referred to as pentavalent atoms. When these pentavalent atoms are used to dope intrinsic semiconductors, they donate a free electron to the semiconductor and they are called donor dopers. Examples of donor materials are phosphorous, arsenic and bismuth. The resulting semiconductor has a large quantity of free electrons and is called n-type semiconductor. Example of n-type semiconductor formation is when arsenic atom with five electrons on the outermost shell combines with silicon with four

Class Matters... Short Description of a Section of the Book Essay Example for Free

Class Matters Short Description of a Section of the Book Essay Class Matters by Bell Hooks, the section â€Å"The Me-Me Class: The Young and the Ruthless† examines how the mass media influences ideas that everyone living in the united States is rich, into the minds of foreigners. This section further notes that the media makes it seem as though social and economic backgrounds have little or no influence on the world of spending because most advertisements seem to make items seems affordable and cheap to acquire. The media reveals the fantasies of life to make people think that the things shown in the media are reality, especially in the eyes of teenagers. This section notes that the media brings about the â€Å"psychological torment; envy† amongst teenagers. The way the media presents issues regarding children/students, makes it seem as though it is easier to acquire money wealth on an outward appearance. This may be done to bring about competition into society, which develops envy amongst individuals if they are unable to acquire a particular item. In this section, it states that it is easier to acquire money and goods than it is to find meaningful values and ethics. This is a really profound statement because it portrays the influence the media has had on the youth to the extent that their values and ethics don’t really have as much meaning to them as that of the money and goods the acquire. This further demonstrates the culture of the youth and how materialistic things have an impact on the way youth view today’s world. The media is indirectly educating the youth with items that seem relevant in the world rather than showcasing the importance of education. This may be the reason why many schools have decided to enforce a rule that students need to wear uniforms. This lessens the amount of items students will be competing with each other. Although the world is set up in a way that competition exists, the fact that students have the same items means that they are less likely to be envious of each other.

Human Nature in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lottery Ess

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson The idea of winning a lottery is associated with luck, happiness and anticipation of good things. In Shirley Jackson's story, " The Lottery", this is not the case. The irony of the story is that the winner of the lottery gets stoned to death by everyone else in the town. The story is very effective because it examines certain aspects of human nature. One aspect of human nature that is examined, and that adds to the effectiveness of the story, is man's tendency to resist change. This is shown in more than one way. The first way is the way some villagers tolerate the lottery even though they know it is wrong, and it serves no purpose. They talk about how other towns have already stopped having lotteries, but they allow it to continue year after year. Old man Warner even says "there's nothing but trouble" in quitting lotteries. Townsfolk listen to him because he has been in the lottery seventy-seven years. The townsfolk feel helpless to change things because they have been going on for so long. The fact that the box is old and needs to be replace...

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Designing Effective Projects: Thinking Skills Frameworks Bloom’s Taxonomy: A New Look at an Old Standby Traditional Hierarchy of Thinking Processes In 1956, Benjamin Bloom wrote Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, and his six-level description of thinking has been widely adapted and used in countless contexts ever since. His list of cognitive processes is organized from the most simple, the recall of knowledge, to the most complex, making judgments about the value and worth of an idea. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Traditional) Skill Knowledge DefinitionRecall information Comprehension Understand the meaning, paraphrase a concept Use the information or concept in a new situation Break information or concepts into parts to understand it more fully Put ideas together to form something new Make judgments about value Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Key Words Identify, describe, name, label, recognize, reproduce, follow Summarize, co nvert, defend, paraphrase, interpret, give examples Build, make, construct, model, predict, prepare Compare/contrast, break down, distinguish, select, separate Categorize, generalize, reconstructAppraise, critique, judge, justify, argue, support Today’s world is a different place, however, than the one Bloom’s Taxonomy reflected in 1956. Educators have learned a great deal more about how students learn and teachers teach and now recognize that teaching and learning encompasses more than just thinking. It also involves the feelings and beliefs of students and teachers as well as the social and cultural environment of the classroom. Several cognitive psychologists have worked to make the basic concept of a taxonomy of thinking skills more relevant and accurate.In developing his own taxonomy of educational objectives, Marzano (2000) points out one criticism of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The very structure of the Taxonomy, moving from the simplest level of knowledge to the m ost difficult level of evaluation, is not supported by research. A hierarchical taxonomy implies that each higher skill is composed of the skills beneath it; comprehension requires knowledge; application requires comprehension and knowledge, and so on. This, according to Marzano, is simply not true of the cognitive processes in Bloom’s Taxonomy.The originators of the original six thinking processes assumed that complex projects could be labeled as requiring one of the processes more than the others. A task was primarily an â€Å"analysis† or an â€Å"evaluation† task. This has been proven not to be true which may account for the difficulty that educators have classifying challenging learning activities using the Taxonomy. Anderson (2000) argues that nearly all complex learning activities require the use of several different cognitive skills. Like any theoretical model, Bloom’s Taxonomy has its strengths and weaknesses.Its greatest strength is that it has taken the very important topic of thinking and placed a structure around it that is usable by practitioners. Those teachers who keep a list of question prompts relating to the various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy undoubtedly do a better job of encouraging higher-order thinking in their students than those who have no such tool. On the other hand, as anyone who has worked with a group of educators to classify a group of questions and learning activities according to the Taxonomy can attest, there is little consensus about what seemingly self-evident erms like â€Å"analysis,† or â€Å"evaluation† mean. In addition, so many worthwhile activities, such as authentic problems and projects, cannot be mapped to the Taxonomy, and trying to do that would diminish their potential as learning opportunities. Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy In 1999, Dr. Lorin Anderson, a fromer student of Bloom's, and his colleagues published an updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy that takes into account a broader range of factors that have an impact on teaching and learning. This revised taxonomy attempts to correct some of the problems with the original taxonomy.Unlike the 1956 version, the revised taxonomy differentiates between â€Å"knowing what,† the content of thinking, and â€Å"knowing how,† the procedures used in solving problems. The Knowledge Dimension is the â€Å"knowing what. † It has four categories: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Factual knowledge includes isolated bits of information, such as vocabulary definitions and knowledge about specific details. Conceptual knowledge consists of systems of information, such as classifications and categories.Procedural knowledge includes algorithms, heuristics or rules of thumb, techniques, and methods as well as knowledge about when to use these procedures. Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge of thinking processes and information about how to manipulate thes e processes effectively. The Cognitive Process Dimension of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy like the original version has six skills. They are, from simplest to most complex: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. Remembering Remembering consists of recognizing and recalling relevant information from long-term memory.Understanding Understanding is the ability to make your own meaning from educational material such as reading and teacher explanations. The subskills for this process include interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying The third process, applying, refers to using a learned procedure either in a familiar or new situation. Analysis The next process is analysis, which consists of breaking knowledge down into its parts and thinking about how the parts relate to its overall structure.Students analyze by differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluation Evaluation, which is at the top of the original taxonomy, is the fifth of the six processes in the revised version. It includes checking and critiquing. Creating Creating, a process not included in the earlier taxonomy, is the highest component of the new version. This skill involves putting things together to make something new. To accomplish creating tasks, learners generate, plan, and produce.According to this taxonomy, each level of knowledge can correspond to each level of cognitive process, so a student can remember factual or procedural knowledge, understand conceptual or metacognitive knowledge, or analyze metacognitive or factual knowledge. According to Anderson and his colleagues, â€Å"Meaningful learning provides students with the knowledge and cognitive processes they need for successful problem solving†. The following charts list examples of each skill of the Cognitive and Knowledge Dimensions. Cognitive Processes Dimensions Cognitive ProcessesExamples Remembering—Produce the right informa tion from memory Recognizing †¢ Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of amphibians. †¢ Find an isosceles triangle in your neighborhood. †¢ Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions. Recalling †¢ Name three 19th-century women English authors. †¢ Write the multiplication facts. †¢ Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride. Understanding—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences Interpreting †¢ Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation. †¢ Draw a diagram of the digestive system. Paraphrase Jawaharlal Nehru's tryst with destiny speech. Exemplifying †¢ Draw a parallelogram. †¢ Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of writing. †¢ Name a mammal that lives in our area. Classifying †¢ Label numbers odd or even. †¢ List the events of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. †¢ Group native animals into their proper species. Summarizing †¢ Make up a title for a short passage. †¢ List the key points related to capital punishment that the Web site promotes. Inferring †¢ Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and make conclusions about their past relationship. Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the context. †¢ Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next number will be. Comparing †¢ Explain how the heart is like a pump. †¢ Compare Mahatma Gandhi to a present day leader. †¢ Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by Charles Dickens are similar and different. Explaining †¢ Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the weather. †¢ Provide details that justify why the French Revolution happened when and how it did. †¢ Describe how interest rates affect the economy. Applying—Use a procedure Executing Add a column of two-digit numbers. †¢ Orally read a passage in a foreign language. †¢ Have a student open house discussion. Implementing †¢ Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different kinds of soil. †¢ Proofread a piece of writing. †¢ Create a budget. Analyzing—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to the whole Differentiating †¢ List the important information in a mathematical word problem and cross out the unimportant information. †¢ Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in a novel. Organizing †¢ Place the books in the classroom library into categories. Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain their effect. †¢ Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in your neighborhood interact with each other. Attributing †¢ Read letters to the editor to determine the authors’ points of view about a local issue. †¢ Determine a character’s motivation in a novel or short story. †¢ Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize about their perspectives on issues. Evaluating—Make judgments based on criteria and syllabus guidelines Checking †¢ Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on organization and logic of arguments. Listen to a political speech and make a list of any contradictions within the speech. †¢ Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are included. Critiquing †¢ Judge how well a project meets the criteria of a rubric. †¢ Choose the best method for solving a complex mathematical problem. †¢ Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology. Creating—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a new structure. Generating †¢ Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race relations in the school. †¢ Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why plants need sunshine. Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on fossil fuels that address both economic and environmental concerns. †¢ Com e up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria. Planning †¢ Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects. †¢ Outline a research paper on Mark Twain’s views on religion. †¢ Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds of music on hens’ egg production. Producing †¢ Write a journal from the point of view of mountaineer. †¢ Build a habitat for pigeons. †¢ Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you’re reading. The Knowledge DimensionFactual Knowledge—Basic information Knowledge of terminology Vocabulary terms, mathematical symbols, musical notation, alphabet Knowledge of specific details and Components of the Food Pyramid, names of elements congressional representatives, major battles of WWII Conceptual Knowledge—The relationships among pieces of a larger structure that make them function together Knowledge of classifications and Species of animals, different kinds of arguments, c ategories geological eras Knowledge of principles and Types of conflict in literature, Newton’s Laws of Motion, generalizations principles of democracyKnowledge of theories, models, and Theory of evolution, economic theories, DNA models structures Procedural Knowledge—How to do something Knowledge of subject-specific skills Procedure for solving quadratic equations, mixing colors and algorithms for oil painting, serving a volleyball Knowledge of subject-specific Literary criticism, analysis of historical documents, techniques and methods mathematical problem-solving methods Knowledge of criteria for Methods appropriate for different kinds of experiments, determining when to use statistical analysis procedures used for different ppropriate procedures situations, syllabus guidelines for different genres of writing Metacognitive Knowledge—Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in particular Strategic knowledge Ways of memorizing facts, reading comprehen sion strategies, methods of planning a Web site Knowledge about cognitive tasks, Different reading demands of textbooks and novels; including appropriate contextual thinking ahead when using an electronic database; and conditional knowledge differences between writing emails and writing business letters Self-knowledge Need for a diagram or chart to understand complex rocesses, better comprehension in quiet environments, need to discuss ideas with someone before writing an essay References Anderson, L. W. & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing. New York: Longman. Bloom, B. S. , (Ed. ). 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Longman. Costa, A. L. (Ed. ). (2000). Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Marzano, R. J. (2000). Designing a new taxonomy of educational objectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Overview of the Basics of Probability

Probability is a term we are relatively familiar with. However, when you look up the definition of probability, youll find a variety of similar definitions. Probability is all around us. Probability refers to the likelihood or relative frequency for something to happen. The continuum of probability falls anywhere from impossible to certain and anywhere in between. When we speak of chance or the odds; the chances or odds of winning the lottery, were also referring to probability. The chances or odds or probability of winning the lottery is something like 18 million to 1. In other words, the probability of winning the lottery is highly unlikely. Weather forecasters use probability to inform us of the likelihood (probability) of storms, sun, precipitation, temperature and along with all weather patterns and trends. Youll hear that theres a 10% chance of rain. To make this prediction, a lot of data is taken into account and then analyzed. The medical field informs us of the likelihood of developing high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, the odds of beating cancer etc. The Importance of Probablity in Everyday Life Probability has become a topic in math that has grown out of societal needs. The language of probability starts as early as kindergarten and remains a topic through high school and beyond. The collection and analysis of data have become extremely prevalent throughout the math curriculum. Students typically do experiments to analyze possible outcomes and to calculate frequencies and relative frequencies.Why? Because making predictions is extremely important and useful. Its what drives our researchers and statisticians who will make predictions about disease, the environment, cures, optimal health, highway safety, and air safety to name a few. We fly because we are told that there is only a 1 in 10 million chance of dying in an airplane crash. It takes the analysis of a great deal of data to determine the probability/chances of events and to do so as accurately as possible. In school, students will make predictions based on simple experiments. For instance, they roll dice to determine how often theyll roll a 4. (1 in 6) But they will also soon discover that it is very difficult to predict with any kind of accuracy or certainty what t.he outcome of any given roll will be. They will also discover that the results will be better as the number of trials grows. The results for a low number of trials is not as good as the results are for a large number of trials. With probability being the likelihood of an outcome or event, we can say that the theoretical probability of an event is the number of outcomes of the event divided by the number of possible outcomes. Hence the dice, 1 out of 6. Typically, the math curriculum will require students to conduct experiments, determine fairness, collect the data using various methods, interpret and analyze the data, display the data and state the rule for the probability of the outcome. In summary, probability deals with patterns and trends that occur in random events. Probability helps us to determine what the likelihood of something happening will be. Statistics and simulations help us to determine probability with greater accuracy. Simply put, one could say probability is the study of chance. It affects so many aspects of life, everything from earthquakes occurring to sharing a birthday. If youre interested in probability, the field in math youll want to pursue will be data management and statistics.