E Commerce A Market Scale - 1690 Words

E-commerce is generally viewed as exchange of goods or services through electronic networks or the internet. An estimated number of 2.4 billion users globally exchanges data on this platform with those known to be actively involved being teenagers and people at middle age who are pressed for time to create time for other activities and it is not only tedious but time consuming to go out shopping in physical stores. In a market scale this could be an astounding figure providing enormous market space. E-business can be used interchangeably with the term E-commerce with occasional use of the term e-tail to refer to online retailing activities. In a retail interest shopping carts are normally established upon which customer shopping habits†¦show more content†¦With the previously documented trend in the growth of e-commerce especially in the past five years the opportunity to trade in this platform is still open thereby eliminating the need to sell off a domain name shortly after you start your business online especially as far as clothing store is concerned at Jersey Shore broadways. Those in retail shops in the current times are yet to realize the significance of online shopping and the shift in shopping trends in the modern generation. In China for instance over 60% of young fashion enthusiasts have resorted to online shopping as it saves them the hustles of having to travel long distances to acquire the same cloth line that they could obtain and pay for in a click of a button with the convenience again of having the product delivered to their doorsteps (Eisingerich and Kretschmer, 2008). One designer and manager of e-commerce store, David Ferguson with over 10 years’ experience notes that most successful of his clients have been those willing to put hard work on the fore especially in the first two years of their venture as this is the most critical time when one is hoping to grow a brand or store for the future of the business. Those individuals hoping to visit Jersey Shore Broadway my need the service of the store since some might not be able to establish contact with the online to acquire

Freedom Of Speech The Importance Of The Freedom Of Speech

Freedom of speech is a right protected by the First Amendment. According to the administrative office of the United States Courts (n.d.), the First Amendment states that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law... abridging freedom of speech.† Freedom of speech is arguably one of the most cherished American values in the First Amendment. As defined by an online unabridged Dictionary (n.d.), The rights covered by freedom of speech include the right to express opinions publicly without governmental interference. You are wrong when you say that we should shut down news outlets when they broadcast information that you do not like because freedom of speech applies to news outlets. News outlets have freedom of speech. Simply put by an article on the†¦show more content†¦The only reason individuals have to believe that news outlets do not have freedom of speech would be because they are committing slander or libel. According to Dictionary.com, slander is, â€Å"defamation by oral utterance† while libel is, â€Å"defamation by written or printed words.† According to information provided by Maureen P. Haney (2016), an attorney in Cleveland, Ohio, whenever news outlets publish information that could be considered defamation, they are protected by the first amendment rights specifically because news outlets are allowed to broadcast their opinion. So news outlets have every right a person does and can state their opinion however they please. Shutting down news outlets when they broadcast information that you do not like infringes on freedom of speech. The only appropriate time to shut down a news outlet would be if they were continuously spread ing false information purposefully that was causing mass chaos across the country. That hypothetical scenario would be similar to the Schenck v. United States Supreme Court case which according to Oyez, concluded that the character of the individual must be taken into account when examining their rights. That court case created the famous example of yelling â€Å"Fire† in a crowded theatre. Because yelling â€Å"Fire† would create unnecessary mass hysteria, it is not protected by the individuals First Amendment rights.Fake news outlets, such as The Onion, only publish satirical news articles and are still able toShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1116 Words   |  5 PagesTopic/Title: The Importance of Freedom of Speech General Purpose: I want to inform my audience Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the importance of freedom of speech. Thesis: Freedom of speech is important because it allows new ideas to surface, encourages the development in social relationships to prosper, and it permits for the truth to prevail. Introduction A. Attention getter There is a famous written saying that adheres to the attitude of every important figure throughoutRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most cherished one: the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech gives citizens the right to express their own opinions publicly without government interference, violating laws, or inciting any kind of violence or rebellion. However, the first amendment does not mean anyone can simply say whatever they want. There are several topics that are strictly scrutinized by law and there are even some situations in which freedom of speech is lawfully restricted. Freedom of speech is an extremely important partRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech1455 Words   |  6 PagesIt is in these moments of confrontation that the importance of free speech becomes essential to finding a resolution that fits the needs and wants of the majority without disregarding the basic human rights of the minority being represented. Free speech sh ould have limits; this includes the use of inappropriate personal attacks, un-related subject matter/ lying, and inciting violence against others for their opinions and beliefs. Freedom of speech is one of the most important rights in society thatRead MoreFree Speech : The Importance Of The Freedom Of Speech1079 Words   |  5 PagesFree speech in my mind, should be universally protected, except when that speech turns into hate against any particular minority and incites violence that is not needed for the safety of the public at large. Freedom of speech serves to be a fundamental democratic right that affords every citizen to participate in the United States constitutional democracy. It is a vital tool because it can be used by every person, rich, poor, black or white, to voice their concerns and rejections of the federal orRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1192 Words   |  5 Pagesamendment of the United States’ Bill of Rights states â€Å"Congress shall make no law... prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,†. Freedom of speech tends to be the most appreciated part of this amendment, while also causing the most anger. Most hate speech is protected under it, causing loads of controversy of the years. If the speech is not active fighting words threatening the livelihood of somebody, you’re allowed to say whatever you want. A landmark case in confirmingRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech878 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech is a basic fundamental human right. Whether or not on a college campus, people (especially college students) should have the right to speak freely. Everyone does have the right to speak freely, because it is one of the twenty-seven amendments. Colleges all around the United States are now home to many restrictions on free speech. For example, the idea and use of â€Å"free speech zones† has made its way to colleges everywhere. A â€Å"free speech zone† is a sidewalk sized place where studentsRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech778 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone referring to Freedom of Speech, what comes to your mind? How far should Freedom of Speech go for you or others? And when you see someone practicing Freedom of Speech, do you actually support it? In today’s society, some of us forget what Freedom of Speech actually is and how far it is actually extended. Freedom of Speech means, the right to express any opinions without censorship or restraint. Freedom of Speech is protected under the First Amendment. Freedom of Speech includes but is notRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthem listed in our constitution in the 1st amendment is the right to freedom of speech. However, like many liberties, freedom of speech is not absolute under the supreme law of land. What this means is that yes we do have freedom of speech, but it is not protected by the government if it includes obscenity, defamation, fraud, incitement, true threats and speech integral to already criminal conduct. White, K. (2017, June 08) Speech is an important part of our democracy, it gives us the right to speakRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech1394 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitution states â€Å"Congress shall make no law [...] abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and t o petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† However, the right to freedom of speech has limits, including violence, inciting a riot, libel or slander and yelling fire in a theatre. At a private company, such as the NFL, there are even more limits to this freedom, depending on the organization’s terms and conditions and any contractsRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Speech956 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed on campus to protect their students, but this hinders the quality of the students learning. Public college campuses should not safeguard student’s free speech by providing safe spaces, presenting trigger warnings, or controlling who speaks on campus.   Ã‚  Ã‚   All students attending public colleges should be allowed the freedom of speech and not be shielded from what college officials deem necessary to censor. Colleges that provide safe spaces, physical places students can go to openly discuss controversial

Problematic Alcohol Use in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the literature on problematic alcohol use in Australia to discuss the risks and protective factors for alcohol use in a specific Australian population group. Answer: Introduction The trend of alcohol consumption in Australia is rising specifically among the young adults. Problematic alcohol use is a major cause of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, autism, mood disorder and psychotic disorders. In most cases, these mental disorders develop due to the consumption of excess alcohol for a long time. However, some mental disorders occur in the short-term. Even though there are several programs designed to address the problematic alcohol consumption, some youths do not have access to these programs. This scholarly paper aims to explore the problem of alcohol use in the population aged between 14 and 17 years. The study will also evaluate the risk factors and protective factors for alcohol consumption. The paper will elucidate the Alcohol and Drug Information Services (ADIS) which is an evidence-based program for addressing problematic alcohol use in Australia. In the last part, it will examine the role of nursing in combating problematic alcohol use. Problematic alcohol consumption in Australia Alcohol abuse is a significant problem in among adolescents in Australia. The population aged between 14 and 17 years is greatly affected by alcohol use. One study conducted in 2011 found that 74 percent of Australians aged 14 years old have used alcohol in the past. The study further found that 90.9 percent of those aged 17 years have consumed alcohol at one particular time in their life. Individuals aged 14 and 17 years were found to have consumed about four drinks on a single day in the last seven days. The most consumed alcoholic drinks are spirits, pre-mixed spirits, ordinary beer and alcoholic sodas (Kelly, et al., 2016). Males comprise the highest number of drinkers in this population. Even in the entire population in Australia, men drink more alcohol compared to women(Wilsnack, Wilsnack, Kristjanson, Vogeltanz-Holm, Gmel, 2009). Most adolescents who make this population are students. Hence, a large percentage consumes alcohol in school with friends while others access alcoho l in their homes. There are however some adolescents who purchase alcohol from bottle shops, liquor stores and supermarkets. The selected population has high chances of consuming hazardous levels of alcohol. A recent study indicates that despite public education on the adverse impacts of alcohol consumption, the trend of drinking remained constant between 2001 and 2007. In fact, it was reported that about 10 percent of the population consume high amounts of alcohol, which can result in long-term harm. For instance, in Western Australia, 39 percent of the individuals who are aged 14 years and above drink a lot of alcohol that has a chance of causing harm in the short-term. 11 percent of this population drinks alcohol levels that have a chance of causing harm in the long-term. Wholesalers of alcohol continue to record high returns since per capita alcohol drinking is rising in Australia (Pereira, Wood, Foster, Haggar, 2013). This analysis indicates that the population aged between 14 and 17 years has higher chances of suffering from mental disorders than the rest of the population. Empirical studies show that consumption of alcohol is a key risk factor for disease burden in Australia. Based on a study conducted in 2013, 26 percent of the population aged 14 years in Australia had experienced an alcohol-related harm. Mental disorders are the most common harms that adolescents experienced as a result of excessive drinking (Ward, Kippen, Buykx, Munro, McBride, Wiggers, 2016). Besides, excessive consumption of alcohol is associated with suicidal behaviour. Suicidal behaviour occurs due to impaired judgment and disinhibition. Some individuals who consume alcohol might use suicide as a way of reducing stress (Pompili, et al., 2010). Drinking alcohol has significant adverse impacts on students. Students who consume high amounts of alcohol have 1.2 higher chances of experiencing psychological distress compared to students who drink low levels of alcohol. Additionally, students who take excessive alcohol are more likely to miss classes, exhibit low concentration in clas s and fail to handle assignments (Tembo, Burns, Kalembo, 2017). The population under study in this paper comprises of students who might suffer these mental disorders. Risk factors Various risk factors influence the consumption of alcohol among adolescents. Adolescent development experiences, as well as social settings, expose youths to alcohol consumption. Some of the environments that expose young people to alcohol abuse are sporting and recreational settings. As youth socialise, they have higher chances of being introduced to alcohol abuse (Toumbourou, Evans-Whipp, Smith, Hemphill, Herrenkohl, Catalano, 2014). Lack of legislation Another risk factor for the consumption of excess alcohol is the lack of legislation on the minimum age for alcohol drinking. Australia has embraced the system of most western nations that restrict the sale of alcohol based on age, club licenses and the consumption of alcohol in licensed places. Alcohol is not sold to those aged under 18 years (Howard, Gordon, Jones, 2014). Since the adolescents are not restricted from drinking alcohol, they can obtain alcohol from different sources. Parental supply The prevalence of alcohol abuse among the youths indicates that they obtain alcohol from peers and parents (Kaynak, Winters, Cacciola, Kirby, Arria, 2014). In 2009, 388 parents from Australia were involved in a survey aimed to determine whether parents supply alcohol to their children. The survey found that 37 percent of the parents had supplied their children with alcohol in the past 3 months (Ward Snow, 2011). The study concluded that most adolescents obtain alcohol from their parents. Studies show that parents are increasingly lowering the supply of alcohol to minors. In 2004, 21.3 percent of parents asserted that they supplied alcohol to their children. This number dropped to 11.7 percent in 2013 (Kelly, et al., 2016). Parents who supply alcohol to their children claim that they are protecting the children from harm. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies found that there is no evidence of protection when parents supply alcohol to their children. Instead, the parents are cont inuously cultivating the habit of drinking in the adolescents (Kaynak, Winters, Cacciola, Kirby, Arria, 2014). The abuse of alcohol is high when the adolescents are unsupervised. Parental supervision can lower the incidences of excessive consumption of alcohol among the young adults. Exposure to alcohol in school Another risk factor for the consumption of alcohol is the exposure drinking habits in schools. Learning institutions play a vital role controlling the consumption of alcohol among students through practices and regulations. Alcohol abuse in the presence of learners indicates approval for drinking and might encourage students to adopt drinking habits (Ward, Buykx, Munro, Hausdorf, Wiggers, 2014). Recent reports indicate that the habit of drinking alcohol in the presence of children in Australia is on the rise. Most adults drink alcohol during school events. Peer pressure Peer pressure is another risk factor for the problematic alcohol use in Australia. Adolescents tend to influence and initiate each other into alcoholism. There is an important part of peer-relations in the emergence of adolescent drinking behaviour (Han, Grogan-Kaylor, Delva, Castillo, 2012). Youths who are introduced into drinking by their peers might be worse addicts compared to those who are introduced by their parents. Protective factors Regardless of the rampant alcohol abuse in the population aged 14 to 17 years, there are some protective factors. The protective factors can be classified as community, family, individual and school protective factors. Community protective factors Some aspects of the community act as protective factors against drinking alcohol. The primary community protective factor is getting a reward for prosocial engagement (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). It is notable that some individuals in the community reward good behaviour in the youths. In other instances, the youths might be rewarded for doing something noble for the community. The activities that are rewarded in the community are getting involved in community groups and involvement in community building. Engagement in community sports is another community protective element. Family protective factors The family setting acts as an important protective factor. As discussed in previous paragraphs, the parents play a fundamental role in shaping the alcohol behaviour of a child. The main family protective factor is being close to the parents. A study conducted in Australia revealed that some youths were attached to their fathers while others were attached to their mothers (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). The level of attachment determines whether the adolescents are in the position to share their thoughts and feelings openly. It is notable that youths who share with their parents have fewer chances of being initiated into alcohol abuse. Youths who spend a lot of time with their family doing positive things have higher chances of disclosing their whereabouts to the parents. Also, they have higher chances of adhering to parental discipline. School protective factors The school can model the behaviour of the students either positively or negatively. School games and avenues for socialisation are some of the protective factors in school. Commitment to school activities helps students to avoid dangerous behaviours such as alcohol abuse. Rewards for outstanding behaviour motivate the students to uphold ethics as well as avoid engaging in activities that may result in harm. Individual protective factors Personal values and behaviours are important protective factors against the consumption of alcohol. Various individual protective factors impend the youths from engaging in alcohol abuse. The religiosity of an individual is an important personal protective factor (Hemphill, Heerde, Herrenkohl, Patton, Toumbourou, Catalano, 2011). The inclination to religious gatherings, activities and services defines the religiosity of an individual. Another personal protective factor is the belief in the moral order. The moral order includes factors such as being honest, just and trustworthy. Self-efficacy and academic performance act as protective factors against alcohol abuse when expressed at high levels. Lastly, social variables including peer pressure and antisocial behaviour are positively associated with low alcohol drinking if they occur in low values. Program that addresses alcohol use The program that addresses alcohol use in Australia is Alcohol and Drug Information Services (ADIS). ADIS is designed to deal with the problematic alcohol use at the state and territory levels. Details of the program ADIS is a telephone-based counselling service that is offered by trained counsellors who have a background in the alcohol field. The program is provided by the Drug and Alcohol Services across Australia. The program is offered 24 hours a day, which means it can be accessed at any time of the day. Various telephone numbers have been made available for the public to call in case they require specialised help. Even though ADIS is open to the public, it is a confidential program (Tzelepis, et al., 2015). Vast information is available for people who use the ADIS program. The professionals can inquire what is happening to the caller specifically about alcohol use. Besides, they offer emotional support to individuals who are addicted to alcohol. Emotion-regulation techniques mainly the capacity to control adverse emotions is a vital target in managing alcohol dependence (AD) (Berking, Margraf, Ebert, Wupperman, Hofmann, Junghannsb, 2012). The counsellors further advise the clients about treatment options. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is among the most effective interventions for alcohol abuse. The professionals have extensive knowledge of the available treatments for problematic alcohol use. The final intervention for alcohol addicts is referring clients to local services. Clients are referred to the suitable local service based on their condition or level of alcohol addiction. General practitioners also get help from the counsellors. The counselling is often customized to the clients needs. Help is offered about both short-term and long-term impacts of alcohol abuse. A significant part of the program offers information about the side effects of alcohol and symptoms of intoxication (Tzelepis, et al., 2015). Target audience ADIS targets a wide client base in the community. The main target for the program is individuals and families. Australians who are experiencing problematic alcohol use can enrol in the program because it is free. The design of ADIS makes it cost-effective and practical for families and individual clients. Goals of the program ADIS has multiple goals that are meant to enhance the quality of life (QOL) of people experiencing problematic alcohol use. The overall intention of the program is to help people reduce or stop alcohol use. Additionally, it has an objective of offering ready information about alcohol abuse. Australians struggling with alcohol abuse, pharmacies and prescribers get readily available information. It aims to educate alcohol addicts on the mental health issues associated with alcohol abuse. When youths are informed of the possible mental illnesses linked to substance abuse, there are high chances of withdrawal. The program cultivates healthy stress-management initiatives among the general population. People who experience mental health illnesses linked to alcohol abuse tend to develop stress. Role of nursing in combating problematic alcohol use Nurses offer enhanced service for problematic alcohol use in primary care. The enhanced services act as the first type of intervention for people seeking to address alcohol abuse. The nursing role in primary care should start with the screening of the population aged between 14 and 17 years. Different alcohol screening tools have been developed for use in primary care. The most effective tools that nurses should use are the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) (Meneses-Gaya, et al., 2010). AUDIT is effective for all genders and races (Frank, DeBenedetti, Volk, Williams, Kivlahan, Bradley, 2008). Conversely, FAST is sensitive and sensitive (GROVES, et al., 2010). All the participants who test positive for these tests should be offered intervention to lower the risk of developing alcohol-based illnesses. The process of screening entails asking the participants questions that will reveal whether they are experiencing alcohol dependency . Empirical evidence asserts that after the screening, intervention should be offered as fast as possible to reduce the impact (Kaner, et al., 2013). In most cases, intervention should be initiated on the same day after the screening. Nurses in primary care can offer treatment in different ways. The best methods that have been proposed in this report are detailed lifestyle counselling, enhanced patient information and person-tailored counselling. Patient information can be provided through leaflets after the screening process. Apart from the leaflets, the individuals should be offered more information about their drinking levels. The information should be accompanied with techniques on how to minimise alcohol levels. The next type of intervention should be lifestyle counselling. However, the lifestyle counselling should be conducted after an appointment (Hamilton Baker, 2013). An appointment is fundamental because the provider should first understand the lifestyle of individual, drinking habit and willingness to adhere to treatment plans. Although there three interventions are important for problematic alcohol use, feedback and detailed information are the most suitable interventions to minimise excessive alcohol consumption. The types of interventions discussed in the above paragraphs are effective, yet they require minimal training. The structure of the enhanced service in primary care is a key factor for success. Community-based intervention is the most effective approach. The primary care will be offered at Local Government Area (LGA) levels. Youths aged between 14 and 17 years will be recruited into the program if they exhibit the willingness to reduce, stop or manage alcohol abuse. Conclusion As evident in this paper, alcohol use is a significant problem in Australia. The study is specifically focused on the population aged between 14 and 17 years. The selected population engages in alcohol abuse due to various risk factors. Parental supply, exposure to alcohol in school, peer pressure and lack of firm legislation are among of the main risk factors for alcohol use among the chosen population. Protective factors are rewards for exemplary behaviour, parental supervision, sporting activities and involvement in community activities. The program that has been developed to address the problem of alcohol use in Australia is ADIS, and it aims to help people reduce, manage and stop alcohol abuse. Nurses have a role in screening and introducing interventions to address problematic alcohol use References Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., Junghannsb, K. (2012). Deficits in Emotion-Regulation Skills Predict Alcohol Use During and After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol Dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol , 79 (3), 307-318. Frank, D., DeBenedetti, A. F., Volk, R. J., Williams, E. C., Kivlahan, D. R., Bradley, K. A. (2008). Effectiveness of the AUDIT-C as a Screening Test for Alcohol Misuse in Three Race/Ethnic Groups. J Gen Intern Med , 23 (6), 781-787. GROVES, P., PICK, S., DAVIS, P., CLOUDESLEY, R., COOKE, R., FORSYTHE, M., et al. (2010). Routine alcohol screening and brief interventions in general hospital in-patient wards: Acceptability and barriers. Drugs: education, prevention and policy , 17 (1), 55-71. Hamilton, I., Baker, S. (2013). Nurses role in tackling problematic alcohol use. Practice Nursing , 24 (7), 351-355. Han, Y., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Delva, J., Castillo, M. (2012). The Role of Peers and Parents in Predicting Alcohol Consumption among Chilean Youth. Int J Child Adolesc health , 5 (1), 53-64. Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F. (2011). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia: A longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health , 49 (3), 312-320. Howard, S. J., Gordon, R., Jones, S. C. (2014). Australian alcohol policy 20012013 and implications for public health. BMC Public Health , 14, 848. Kaner, E., Bland, M., P, C., S, C., Dale, V., Gilvarry, E., et al. (2013). Effectiveness of screening and brief alcohol intervention in primary care (SIPS trial): pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ , 346, e8501. Kaynak, ., Winters, K. C., Cacciola, J., Kirby, K. C., Arria, A. M. (2014). Providing Alcohol for Underage Youth: What Messages Should We Be Sending Parents? J Stud Alcohol Drugs , 75 (4), 590-605. Kelly, A. B., Chan, G. C., Weier, M., Quinn, C., Gullo, M. J., Connor, J. P., et al. (2016). Parental supply of alcohol to Australian minors: an analysis of six nationally representative surveys spanning 15 years. BMC Public Health , 16, 325. Meneses-Gaya, C., Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R., Hallak, J. E., Trzesniak, C., et al. (2010). The fast alcohol screening test (FAST) is as good as the AUDIT to screen alcohol use disorders. Subst Use Misuse , 45 (10), 1542-1557. Pereira, G., Wood, L., Foster, S., Haggar, F. (2013). Access to Alcohol Outlets, Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health. PLoS One , 8 (1), e53461. Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., Ferracuti, S., Kotzalidis, G. D., et al. (2010). Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse. Int J Environ Res Public Health , 7 (4), 1392-1431. Tembo, C., Burns, S., Kalembo, F. (2017). The association between levels of alcohol consumption and mental health problems and academic performance among young university students. PLoS one , 12 (6), e0178142. Toumbourou, J. W., Evans-Whipp, T. J., Smith, R., Hemphill, S. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Catalano, R. F. (2014). Adolescent Predictors and Environmental Correlates of Young Adult Alcohol Use Problems. Addiction , 109 (3), 417-424. Tzelepis, F., Paul, C. L., Wiggers, J., Kypri, K., Bonevski, B., McElduff, P., et al. (2015). Targeting multiple health risk behaviours among vocational education students using electronic feedback and online and telephone support: protocol for a cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health , 15, 550. Ward, B. M., Snow, P. C. (2011). Factors affecting parental supply of alcohol to underage adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev , 30 (4), 338-343. Ward, B. M., Buykx, P., Munro, G., Hausdorf, K., Wiggers, J. (2014). Review of policies and guidelines concerning adults' alcohol consumption and promotion in Australian government schools. Health Promot J Austr , 25 (2), 125-128. Ward, B. M., Kippen, R., Buykx, P., Munro, G., McBride, N., Wiggers, J. (2016). Principals reports of adults alcohol use in Australian secondary schools. BMC Public Health , 16, 195. Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. D., Gmel, G. (2009). GENDER AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: PATTERNS FROM THE MULTINATIONAL GENACIS PROJECT. Addiction , 104 (9), 1487-1500.

Video game Essay Example

Video game Essay In this century, the mass media have come to rival with parents, school, and religion as the most influential institution in individuals lives. There has always been contemplation on whether media is the spark that ignites violence in individuals. Depictions of violence often glamorize vicious behavior. They offend the society and feel less able to respond to others in a sensitive, caring way. This essay will analyze the effects of violent media on the minds of individuals. While it focuses on media vastly, other contributing factors like emotional processing factors or exposure to violence might be reasons too. The Bobo doll experiment was conducted using children as samples and to see how they respond to the behavior they see (Bandura, A. , Ross, D. amp; Ross, S. A. , 1961) The subjects were 36 boys and 36 girls enrolled in the Stanford University Nursery School, with a mean age of 52 months. Subjects were divided into eight experimental groups of six subjects each and a control group consisting of 24 subjects. The idea of this experiment is to observe the behavior of the individual after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. There are different variations of the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the individuals behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, punished or experience no consequence for beating up the Bobo doll. It was seen that male subjects, for example, exhibited more physical (t  = 2. 07,  p  lt; . 05) and verbal imitative aggression (t  = 2. 51,  p  lt; . 05), more non-imitative aggression (t  = 3. 5,  p  lt; . 025), and engaged in significantly more aggressive gun play (t  = 2. 12,  p  lt; . 05) following exposure to the aggressive male model than the female subjects. According to Bandura and Ross (1961) prediction that exposure of subjects to aggressive models increases the probability of aggressive behavior is clearly confirmed as the individuals imitate the models behavior by showing physical and verbal aggr ession. The researcher concludes that when violent media is observed or watch children tend to act the same way. We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Video game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is widely believed by many researchers that exposure to violent media causes desensitization towards violence, making violence seems alright and in turn increasing their aggression. The analysis of Carnagey, Anderson and Bushman(2007) examine, how media not only influences violence but a fresh insight towards the desensitization to real life violence. The participants were 257 college students (124 men and 133 women) who received extra course credit in exchange for their voluntary participation. All participants were tested individually and were told that the purpose of the study was to evaluate different types of media. After consent procedures were completed, 5  min baseline HR (Heart rate) and GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) measurements were taken, using finger electrodes placed on the three middle fingers of the non-dominant hand. After 5  min, the experimenter removed the electrodes. Participants played a randomly assigned violent or nonviolent video game for 20  min. Next, participants watched a 10-min videotape of real violence in four contexts: courtroom outbursts, police confrontations, shootings, and prison fights. In one scene, for example, two prisoners repeatedly stab another prisoner. HR and GSR were monitored continuously while they watched the real-life violence. The results demonstrate that playing a violent video game, even for just 20  min, can cause people to become less physiologically aroused by real violence. Participants randomly assigned to play a violent video game had relatively lower HR and GSR while watching actual footage of people being beaten, stabbed, and shot than did those randomly assigned to play a nonviolent video game. With recent developments, the process of mind mapping also known as Stroop tests( Kalnin et al, 2010) have helped identify the relationship between brain activation and history of media violence exposure in adolescents. 22 controls and 22 adolescents with a past of aggressive behavior completed an emotional Stroop task during an fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). The foremost images pointed out that controls with a past of low media violence exposure exhibited more activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and rostral anterior cingulated. On the other hand, in the individuals that had past of aggressive behavior demonstrated less activation in the right Amygdala, compared with those with low media violence exposure. It safe to assess that media violence may affect individuals in different ways depending on the presence of aggressive traits but will still affect an individual (Kalnin et al, 2010). While violence is not new to the human race, it is an increasing problem in modern society. With greater access to firearms and explosives, the scope and efficiency of violent behavior has had serious consequences. Today 99% of homes have televisions. According to Pediatrics(2001), of all animated feature films produced in the United States between 1937 and 1999, 100% portrayed violence, and the amount of violence with intent to injure has increased through the years. On average, children ages 6-11 spend 42 hours a week in front of a TV—watching television, DVDs, DVR and videos, and using a game console. Kids ages 12-16 spend about 32 hours a week in front of the TV. The vast majority of this viewing (97%) is of live TV ( Med, n. d). Televised violence and the presence of television in American households have increased steadily over the years, resulting in violent behavior. Like there are two sides to a coin there are also other factors that induce violence, according to Ferguson, Miguel amp; Hartled (2009) who claim that while others claim a positive relationship between both violence and the media, they believe so otherwise. Violence has become a serious public health problem with children and adolescents suffering greater victimization than any other age group (Finkelhor amp; DziubaLeatherman, 1994). Media to a certain degree is a causation factor of violence, but there are other factors as well. One such factor discussed in the journal is â€Å"emotional susceptibility†. It is defined as the tendency to experience feelings of discomfort, helplessness, inadequacy and vulnerability according to Caprara (1985, cited in Bushman, B. J, amp; Green, G. R). Studies have agreed- and disagreed – the verdicts of whether or not exposure to violent media indeed induces violence. All these findings are done in order to arrive at a simple conclusion while taking account the exposure, the length of exposure and other factors surrounding the individual. These studies have their banes and their boons, and when looked at all together one’s advantage covers up another’s disadvantage like in all situations. In conclusion, it can be ascertained that if violent media is not the main factor, it is still an important constituent in deciding violence. References Bandura, A. , Ross, D. amp; Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82. Retrieved from http://psychclassics. yorku. ca/Bandura/bobo. htm

Product Team Cialis Getting Ready

Product Team Cialis Getting Ready Brief background Mark Berbato is the product team leader and executive director of Cialis. He has for a long time worked to provide a remedy for impotence in men competing existing leader, Viagra. The team is structured according to the function of its members. The product and marketing team works day and night to provide differential marketing strategies in order to survive the competition.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Viagra has been used for a long time to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Despite this statistics, Mark’s team is optimistic about the uncertainties involved. Lilly management decided to find a better erectile dysfunction treatment by first understanding the market. The medical, regulatory, legal, manufacturing, financial and marketing managers report directly to the executive director. The drug is expected to go throu gh various tests to ensure that it is safe for consumption by human beings. The test involves three phase trials after which it can be available in clinics. Decision dilemma Decision dilemma for Leonard Blum and his is team is whether to market Cialis in the already competitive market or go for the niche strategy. If the team decides to compete with Viagra, then their marketing strategy will involve reaching out to the loyal Viagra customers, dropouts, and those who have never consumed it at all. Health practitioners are also important because they are the ones who prescribe the drug to their patients. The management will also have to consider targeting the partners of the male patients with erectile dysfunction. The niche strategy however involves choosing a specific target group. Contradicting case facts The German leading erectile dysfunction drug, Levitra, was more effective than Viagra hence posed a challenge to Cialis. Bayer’s market research showed that 76% expressed s ome interest in Levitra. However, in 2001, its sales dropped by 2%. The team was forced with a task of clearly choosing a market for Cialis and ways of achieving results against the competition. The side effects of ED drugs such as facial flashing also prevents users from trusting the drugs hence it is very difficult to penetrate the market. The physicians believe that they are the only people who decides what patients should take hence they influence the consumption habit of ED victims.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Important details for better decision making For better understanding and decision making, the team should first understand its target group hence details regarding consumption of Viagra, the health practitioners, the partners of male victims, and the views on the media regarding those who do not take the drug and why should be analyzed. The con sumer today is more demanding, more connected and less loyal to a product hence the team should find better ways of dealing with certain target groups especially if they go for the niche strategy. Things that make the chosen target group different from the rest should be studied and the details should be analyzed. In order to make the right choice between the two options, the decision makers must compare the two market strategy so as to justify their choice. Analysis Consumers tend to follow what others do; it is a life preserving habit. The target market is already used to the existing product hence changing their perspective involves a lot of work. All the two market strategies can be effective depending on the approach given by the decision markers. The niche strategy can only be used when the team decides to assume the position held by Viagra and concentrate on their product. The team can then market Cialis to a specific target group regardless of how Viagra is performing in oth er areas. In the health sector, people tend to avoid using harmful substances despite the campaigns conducted by the health experts and advices provided. Viagra is an example of such products that have received mixed reactions. Niche strategy Pros The reason for niche strategy is that working with a specific target group is cheaper especially for a new product in the market that is not well established. It is also a way of avoiding coalition with the existing products such as Viagra. Narrowing the market segment means that the new product will have relatively less competition. Cons The strategy however assumes the importance of other target groups because of its narrow market segment. This strategy may be successful but its slower hence can easily cause failures during the implementation. It is sometimes difficult to identify the right target group to focus on hence the team can choose the wrong users resulting into failures.Advertising We will write a custom case study samp le on Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Compete Pros This strategy is important because it provides a faster growth. Once all the target groups are reached they can be given better services in order to maintain their loyalty. Competing strategy also creates room for learning because the challenges created by Viagra provide a learning environment to Cialis. It also takes care of the uncertainties involved in the new market hence the users are left to choose for themselves and no speculations are made. Cons A reason against this strategy is that when joining a new market, it is not easy to know whether customers will prefer new product to the old ones hence more products can go to waste. This strategy is expensive because competing existing product involves differentiation in both services and products. Going head-to-head with Viagra may require Cialis to use their marketing strategies which may not work becau se the consumers expect something different. Beating Pros The reason for differentiation is that it makes consumers aware of the importance of the product. It gives a consumer an opportunity to compare and contrast the unique characteristics with other similar products. For Cialis, it is important because the users will easily identify unique health importance of the product. Cons However, product differentiation may not be good for drugs because it leads to false unique qualities that are used to attract more users. It also exposes the users to risks because the drug may be uniquely identified with wrong qualities that result to complications when consumed. Finally, medical products are not measured in terms of design but impact and diagnosis therefore the strategy violates this principle. Co-branding Pros The main purpose of this strategy is that the drug can be convincingly positioned using the renowned brand. It can also be used to change the perception of users when the drug is branded with a product they relate to. To capture the doubting users, co-branding can be used to improve the confidence of customers who feel the drug is not well known.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cons Co-branding poses challenges when the partner brand goes through recession. Each company works hard to improve its market share hence one company may ruin one’s brand except for same-company co-branding. Co-branding also denies a company a chance to develop because it relies on a particular company to market its products. Conclusion Cialis can fairly compete with Viagra to gain a large customer base by choosing the best option, considering important details concerning the target market and making the right decision required in order to survive in the market.

Patricia Benner Theorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patricia Benner Theorist - Assignment Example Such is the fundamental message of Benner’s From Novice to Expert. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner of the University of California was a forerunner in clinical practice research; specifically, she examined the traits of experts and the development of expertise. Employing a qualitative design, as well as interview and observation, she studied several nurses involved in clinical activities—from novice nurses to expert nurses. From this research she wrote her book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing (2001) wherein she identified a hierarchy or pyramid of practice in medical nursing. The five phases of development described by Benner are ‘novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert’ (Alber et al., 2009, 126). Benner’s work covers clear, perceptive explanations of every stage and the framework has been applied by others in examining their profession and creating academic programs. This paper analyzes and discusses Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert. The first section introduces the life and theory of Benner, and the key components of the theory. The second section discusses how the theory can connect theory, research, and practice. Then the last section explains how this theory is relevant to my practice goals and how can I apply the theory now and in the future. Patricia Benner is a nursing graduate from Pasadena College. She later on obtained a Master’s Degree in nursing from University of California in 1970, with her primary focus on medical-surgical nursing. Benner has a broad array of clinical knowledge and experience

Semiconductor devices and circuits Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Semiconductor devices and circuits - Coursework Example Each atom after sharing electrons will attain a full outer shell. Conductors: Conductor materials have large number of free electrons and thus conduct easily. Examples of a good conductor are copper and aluminum and they have, at room temperature, many electrons for conduction. Insulators These are materials which do not conduct. For insulators, there is a very large gap between the two bands i.e. conduction and valence bands. Insulators can only conduct at extremely high temperatures or when they are subjected to very high voltage. Examples of insulators are, wood, glass, paper and mica. Semiconductors: These materials are between conductors and insulators. They are neither conductors nor insulators. They can easily conduct at room temperatures. Examples of these materials are silicon and germanium. Intrinsic semiconductors: These are pure semiconductors since the content of impurity is minimal. These materials are cautiously refined to achieve this form of purity. When intrinsic se miconductors are subjected to room temperature, valence electrons absorb heat energy breaking the covalent bond and move to conduction band. Electrons and holes conduction In intrinsic semiconductors, holes and free electrons are the major charge carriers. Holes and electrons which are generated at room temperatures move in a random motion and can’t conduct any current. ... This allows electric current to flow as a result of electrons movement in the conduction band. The motion of holes in semiconductors is opposite to that of electron. As a result of electrons escape from valence band to conduction band, holes are created in the valence band. When current is applied the electron break and moves to feel the holes present, at the same time this electron leaves another hole and this process continues. The movement of these holes in the valence band leads to current flow referred to as whole current. Extrinsic Semiconductors Small amounts of other materials are added to intrinsic semiconductor to alter the properties and this result to extrinsic semiconductor. This is process of adding an impurity to improve the conductivity of the semiconductor is referred to as doping. The materials used as impurities are called dopant. These semiconductors are the most widely used in practice since they have better conductivity compared to intrinsic semiconductors and a re used in manufacture of electronics components such as transistors and diodes. There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors and each depending on the type of impurity used. They are n-type and p-type. N- Type Atoms with five electrons in their outer most shell are referred to as pentavalent atoms. When these pentavalent atoms are used to dope intrinsic semiconductors, they donate a free electron to the semiconductor and they are called donor dopers. Examples of donor materials are phosphorous, arsenic and bismuth. The resulting semiconductor has a large quantity of free electrons and is called n-type semiconductor. Example of n-type semiconductor formation is when arsenic atom with five electrons on the outermost shell combines with silicon with four